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Economics

Fourteen countries in this sample reported no direct student tuition fees (including Afghanistan, Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey and Uruguay). For those countries in the sample that do charge a direct tuition fee (for domestic students in public universities) the correlation of direct tuition fee payments with GNI (per capita, PPP) is significant (r = 0.512, p=0.001). Similarly with the total student costs (i.e. direct tuition fee plus public capitation contribution) there are strong positive correlations with GNI (PPP) (r= 0.715, p=0.001). Figure 3.10 visualises these correlations of GNI with total education costs, together with banding by World Bank income level classification.

Figures 3.10: Pharmacy education costs and GNI (PPP) per capita | n= 42.

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